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MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS

                                        Differentiation:

Constant quantity:

If the value of a quantity remains the same in a mathematical operation, it is called a constant quantity.

Examples: Integers (4, 7, 13, ...), the fraction (1/2, 4/5), n, e, etc.,

Variable quantity:

If the quantity takes different values in a mathematical operation, it is a variable quantity. Examples: (i) In the equation y = 2x + 3, x and y are variables. (ii) In the equation F = ma where F, m and a are variables.

Variable quantities are divided into two types

(a) Independent quantity.
(b) Dependent quantity. 

In the equation y = 2x + 3, x is the independent quantity, and y is the dependent quantity.

Function:

If corresponding to any given value of x, there exists a single definite value then y is called a function of x. This is represented as y = f(x). This equation means that corresponding to one value of x, there is a single definite value of the variable y. Example: (i) Let y = 2x, when x = 1 then y = 2; when x = 2 then y = 4... Thus corresponding to each value of x, there is a definite value of y.

Difference and Differential coefficient:

Let y be a function of x. This is denoted as y = f(x). Here x and y are the variables. Let the value of x change to x+△x and correspondingly the value of y changes to y+△y.

The change between the initial and final values of a variable quantity is called Difference.

Difference in x = (x+ △x) - x = △x; Difference in y =(y+△y)-y=△y

The ratio of △y/△x is called the quotient of the two increments. When Difference in x (i.e., △x) is very small i.e., almost approaching to zero, then