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MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS

                                        Differentiation:

Constant quantity:

If the value of a quantity remains the same in a mathematical operation, it is called a constant quantity.

Examples: Integers (4, 7, 13, ...), the fraction (1/2, 4/5), π, e, etc.,

Variable quantity:

If the quantity takes different values in a mathematical operation, it is a variable quantity. Examples: (i) In the equation y = 2x + 3, x and y are variables. (ii) In the equation F = ma where F, m and a are variables.

Variable quantities are divided into two types

(a) Independent quantity.
(b) Dependent quantity. 

In the equation y = 2x + 3, x is the independent quantity, and y is the dependent quantity.

Function:

If corresponding to any given value of x, there exists a single definite value then y is called a function of x. This is represented as y = f(x). This equation means that corresponding to one value of x, there is a single definite value of the variable y. Example: (i) Let y = 2x, when x = 1 then y = 2; when x = 2 then y = 4... Thus corresponding to each value of x, there is a definite value of y.

Difference and Differential coefficient:

Let y be a function of x. This is denoted as y = f(x). Here x and y are the variables. Let the value of x change to x+△x and correspondingly the value of y changes to y+△y.

The change between the initial and final values of a variable quantity is called Difference.

Difference in x = (x+ △x) - x = △x; Difference in y =(y+△y)-y=△y

The ratio of △y/△x is called the quotient of the two increments. When Difference in x (i.e., △x) is very small i.e., almost approaching to zero, then

we write △y/△x is equal to dy/dx. In mathematical language, we represent the above statement as: _Limit Ax->0 Ax< dx or AN 0 Ax dx ΔΧ Lt 4y - dy In this equation 4y is the ratio of a small quantity Ay to another small quantity Ax. But dy/dx is a single quantity and is called the differential dy - 1 + Ay - 1+ f(x+4x)-f(x) coefficient of y with respect to x. dx IX AX AX AXO Ax The rate of change of a dependent variable with respect to the independent variable is called the differential coefficient or derivative. da dx PN does not mean that d is divided by dx. It is a single operator called the differ ential operator. Differentiation: The process of finding the differential coefficient of a function is called differen tiation. Basic Theorems on Differentiation: i) The derivative of a constant is zero. Let y = f(x) = c. Where c is constant. ent y, Then dy - (c) = 0 dx dx 10 on he dy_ d (2a) = 0 Example: Differentiate y = 2a where a is a constant dx dx ii) The differential coefficient of xn is obtained by decreasing the power of x by unity and multiplying by n. dx If y = x" then = nx-1, where n may be positive or negative. Example: Differentiate y = 8x8 w.r.t. x. Solution: dy - (8x®) = 8(x) = 8*8*x*-* = 64x? dx dy 1V) The derivative of the algebraic sum of two functions is equa sum of the derivatives of the two functions. is is equal to the algebraic Let y = u U + + V + W V + +.......where u, v, w..... are all functions of x.