https://test.indicwiki.in/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Template%3AInfobox_germanium%2Fsandbox 2026-10-26T17:39:58Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.36.1 https://test.indicwiki.in/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_germanium/sandbox&diff=11373&oldid=prev 2022-05-23T05:28:35Z

<p>Created page with &quot; {{infobox element |number=32 |symbol=Ge |name=germanium |pronounce={{IPAc-en|dʒ|ər|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə|m}} |pronounce 2={{respell|jər|MAY|nee-əm}} |left=<a href="/index.php?title=Gallium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallium (page does not exist)">gallium</a> |right=...&quot;</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div><br /> {{infobox element<br /> |number=32<br /> |symbol=Ge<br /> |name=germanium<br /> |pronounce={{IPAc-en|dʒ|ər|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə|m}}<br /> |pronounce 2={{respell|jər|MAY|nee-əm}}<br /> |left=[[gallium]]<br /> |right=[[arsenic]]<br /> |above=[[silicon|Si]]<br /> |below=[[tin|Sn]]<br /> |category=metalloid<br /> |group=14<br /> |period=4<br /> |block=p<br /> |appearance=grayish-white<br /> |image name=Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg<br /> |image alt=Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface<br /> |image size=<br /> |image name comment=A 12&amp;nbsp;gram (2&amp;times;3&amp;nbsp;cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces<br /> |atomic mass=72.630<br /> |atomic mass 2=8<br /> |electron configuration=&amp;#91;[[argon|Ar]]&amp;#93; 3d&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; 4s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 4p&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 4<br /> |phase=solid<br /> |density gpcm3nrt=5.323<br /> |density gpcm3mp=5.60<br /> |melting point K=1211.40<br /> |melting point C=938.25<br /> |melting point F=1720.85<br /> |boiling point K=3106<br /> |boiling point C=2833<br /> |boiling point F=5131<br /> |heat fusion=36.94<br /> |heat vaporization=334<br /> |heat capacity=23.222<br /> |vapor pressure 1=1644<br /> |vapor pressure 10=1814<br /> |vapor pressure 100=2023<br /> |vapor pressure 1 k=2287<br /> |vapor pressure 10 k=2633<br /> |vapor pressure 100 k=3104<br /> |vapor pressure comment=<br /> |crystal structure=diamond cubic<br /> |oxidation states='''4''', 3, '''2''', 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4<br /> |oxidation states comment=(an [[amphoterism|amphoteric]] oxide)<br /> |electronegativity=2.01<br /> |number of ionization energies=3<br /> |ionization energy 1=762<br /> |ionization energy 2=1537.5<br /> |ionization energy 3=3302.1<br /> |atomic radius=122<br /> |covalent radius=122<br /> |Van der Waals radius=211<br /> |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]<br /> |magnetic ordering ref=&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |electrical resistivity at 20=1<br /> |thermal conductivity=60.2<br /> |thermal expansion=6.0<br /> |speed of sound rod at 20=5400<br /> |Young's modulus=103<br /> |Young's modulus ref=&lt;ref name=ioffe&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Ge|title=Properties of Germanium|publisher=[[Ioffe Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Shear modulus=41<br /> |Shear modulus ref=&lt;ref name=ioffe/&gt;<br /> |Bulk modulus=75<br /> |Bulk modulus ref=&lt;ref name=ioffe/&gt;<br /> |Poisson ratio=0.26<br /> |Poisson ratio ref=&lt;ref name=ioffe/&gt;<br /> |Mohs hardness=6.0<br /> |Vickers hardness=<br /> |Brinell hardness=<br /> |CAS number=7440-56-4<br /> |band gap=0.67<br /> |isotopes=<br /> {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=68 | sym=Ge | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=270.8 [[day|d]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=- | link1=gallium-68 | pn=68 | ps=Ga}}<br /> {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=70 | sym=Ge | na=21.23% | n=38 }}<br /> {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=71 | sym=Ge | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=11.26 [[day|d]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=- | link1=gallium-71 | pn=71 | ps=Ga}}<br /> {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=72 | sym=Ge | na=27.66% | n=40}}<br /> {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=73 | sym=Ge | na=7.73% | n=41}}<br /> {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=74 | sym=Ge | na=35.94% | n=42}}<br /> {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=76 | sym=Ge | na=7.44% |<br /> hl=1.78&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; [[year|y]] | dm=[[Double beta decay|β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]] | de=2.039<br /> |link1=selenium-76 | pn=76 | ps=Se}}<br /> |isotopes comment=<br /> |naming=after [[Germany]], homeland of the discoverer<br /> |predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]<br /> |prediction date=1871<br /> |discovered by=[[Clemens Winkler]]<br /> |discovery date=1886<br /> }}&lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> {{Template reference list}}<br /> {{documentation|1=Template:Infobox element/doc}}<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

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