View source for सेमीकंडक्टर उद्योग

{{short description|Industry}}

{{Semiconductor manufacturing processes}}
सेमीकंडक्टर उद्योग, [[ इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिजाइन स्वचालन ]] और सेमीकंडक्टर और सेमीकंडक्टर उपकरणों जैसे ट्रांजिस्टर और [[ एकीकृत परिपथ ]] के [[ निर्माण (अर्धचालक) ]] में लगी कंपनियों का समुच्चय है। यह 1960 के आसपास बना था, एक बार अर्धचालक उपकरणों का अर्धचालक उपकरण निर्माण एक व्यवहार्य व्यवसाय बन गया। उद्योग का वार्षिक सेमीकंडक्टर बिक्री राजस्व तब से अधिक हो गया है {{US$|481 billion|long=no}}, 2018 तक।<ref name="deloitte"/>अर्धचालक उद्योग बदले में व्यापक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स उद्योग के पीछे प्रेरक शक्ति है,<ref>{{cite news |title=Annual Semiconductor Sales Increase 21.6 Percent, Top $400 Billion for First Time |url=https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/ |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Semiconductor Industry Association]] |date=5 February 2018}}</ref> £135 . की वार्षिक बिजली इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स बिक्री के साथ{{nbsp}}अरब ({{US$|{{To USD|135|GBR|year=2011|round=yes}} billion|long=no}}) 2011 के अनुसार,<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Electronics: A Strategy for Success |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/31795/11-1073-power-electronics-strategy-for-success.pdf |website=[[Government of the United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]] |date=October 2011 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> वार्षिक [[ उपभोक्ता इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स ]] बिक्री तक पहुंचने की उम्मीद {{US$|2.9 trillion|long=no}} दो हजार बीस तक,<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Consumer Electronics Market to Reach US$ 2.9 Trillion by 2020 - Persistence Market Research |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-consumer-electronics-market-to-reach-us-29-trillion-by-2020---persistence-market-research-609486755.html |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[PR Newswire]] |publisher=Persistence Market Research |date=3 January 2017}}</ref> टेक उद्योग की बिक्री तक पहुंचने की उम्मीद {{US$|5 trillion|long=no}} 2019 में,<ref>{{cite web |title=IT Industry Outlook 2019 |url=https://www.comptia.org/content/research/it-industry-trends-analysis |publisher=[[CompTIA]] |access-date=11 October 2019 |date=January 2019}}</ref> और अधिक के साथ [[ ई-कॉमर्स ]] {{US$|29 trillion|long=no}} 2017 में।<ref>{{cite news |title=Global e-Commerce sales surged to $29 trillion |url=https://unctad.org/en/pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersionID=505 |access-date=13 October 2019 |publisher=[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] |date=29 March 2019}}</ref> 2019 में, सेमीकंडक्टर बाजार खंड का 32.4% नेटवर्क और संचार उपकरणों के लिए था।<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.25103/jestr.151.14| issn = 1791-2377| volume = 15| issue = 1| pages = 110–115| last = Kamal| first = Kamal Y.| title = The Silicon Age: Trends in Semiconductor Devices Industry| journal = Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review| accessdate = 2022-05-26| date = 2022| url = http://www.jestr.org/downloads/Volume15Issue1/fulltext141512022.pdf}}</ref> सेमीकंडक्टर इंडस्ट्री एसोसिएशन के अनुसार, 2021 में, सेमीकंडक्टर की बिक्री $ 555.9 बिलियन तक पहुंच गई, जो चीन में बिक्री के साथ 26.2 प्रतिशत बढ़कर 192.5 बिलियन डॉलर तक पहुंच गई। कैलेंडर वर्ष में रिकॉर्ड 1.15 ट्रिलियन सेमीकंडक्टर इकाइयां भेजी गईं।<ref>{{cite news |last=Kharpal |first= Arjun |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/15/global-chip-sales-in-2021-top-half-a-trillion-dollars-for-first-time.html |title=Global semiconductor sales top half a trillion dollars for first time as chip production gets boost |work=[[CNBC]] |date=2022-02-15 |accessdate=2022-02-15 }}</ref> अर्धचालकों के 2027 तक $726.73 बिलियन तक पहुंचने का अनुमान है। <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.25103/jestr.151.14| issn = 1791-2377| volume = 15| issue = 1| pages = 110–115| last = Kamal| first = Kamal Y.| title = The Silicon Age: Trends in Semiconductor Devices Industry| journal = Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review| accessdate = 2022-05-26| date = 2022| url = http://www.jestr.org/downloads/Volume15Issue1/fulltext141512022.pdf}}</ref>


==उद्योग संरचना==
वैश्विक अर्धचालक उद्योग में संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, ताइवान, दक्षिण कोरिया, [[ जापान ]] और [[ नीदरलैंड ]] की कंपनियों का वर्चस्व है।

[[File:Who exported Electronic integrated circuits in 2016.svg|thumb|HS4 व्यापार वर्गीकरण द्वारा 2016 तक देश या क्षेत्र द्वारा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक एकीकृत सर्किट निर्यात।]]
[[File:Who exported Semiconductor devices in 2016.svg|thumb|2016 तक असतत अर्धचालकों का निर्यात, संयुक्त राष्ट्र द्वारा सुमेलित कमोडिटी विवरण और कोडिंग सिस्टम द्वारा]]
उद्योग की अनूठी विशेषताओं में निरंतर विकास शामिल है लेकिन उच्च अस्थिरता के साथ चक्रीय पैटर्न में। जबकि सेमीकंडक्टर उद्योग की वर्तमान 20 साल की वार्षिक औसत वृद्धि 13% के क्रम में है, इसके साथ ही बाजार में समान रूप से ऊपर-औसत अस्थिरता है, जो नाटकीय चक्रीय झूलों के बजाय महत्वपूर्ण हो सकती है। बाजार में परिवर्तन की तीव्र गति को लगातार समायोजित करने के लिए इसके लिए उच्च स्तर के लचीलेपन और नवाचार की आवश्यकता होती है क्योंकि सेमीकंडक्टर उपकरणों को एम्बेड करने वाले कई उत्पादों में अक्सर बहुत कम जीवन चक्र होता है।

इसी समय, अर्धचालक उद्योग में निरंतर मूल्य-प्रदर्शन में सुधार की दर चौंका देने वाली है। एक परिणाम के रूप में, अर्धचालक बाजार में परिवर्तन न केवल बहुत तेजी से होते हैं बल्कि धीमी गति से विकसित होने वाले उद्योगों में परिवर्तन की भी उम्मीद करते हैं। सेमीकंडक्टर उद्योग को व्यापक रूप से संपूर्ण इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स मूल्य श्रृंखला के लिए एक प्रमुख चालक और प्रौद्योगिकी प्रवर्तक के रूप में मान्यता प्राप्त है।<ref>Staff, ReportLinker. “[http://www.reportlinker.com/p01360863-summary/Global-Semiconductor-Market-Outlook-to.html Global Semiconductor Market Outlook 2022].” January 13, 2016. February 19, 2016.</ref>
उद्योग [[ फाउंड्री मॉडल ]] पर आधारित है, जिसमें सेमीकंडक्टर फैब्रिकेशन प्लांट (फाउंड्री) और एकीकृत सर्किट डिजाइन ऑपरेशन शामिल हैं, जिनमें से प्रत्येक अलग-अलग कंपनियों या सहायक कंपनियों से संबंधित है। कुछ कंपनियां, जिन्हें [[ एकीकृत उपकरण निर्माता ]] के रूप में जाना जाता है, अर्धचालक डिजाइन और निर्माण दोनों करती हैं। फाउंड्री मॉडल के परिणामस्वरूप फाउंड्री के बीच सेमीकंडक्टर समेकन हुआ है। 2021 तक, केवल तीन फर्म सबसे उन्नत अर्धचालकों का निर्माण करने में सक्षम हैं: ताइवान की TSMC, दक्षिण कोरिया की सैमसंग और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की [[ इंटेल ]]।<ref name="Economist2021">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2021/01/23/chipmaking-is-being-redesigned-effects-will-be-far-reaching| issn = 0013-0613| title = Chipmaking is being redesigned. Effects will be far-reaching| work = The Economist| date = 2021-01-23}}</ref> इसका एक हिस्सा फाउंड्री बनाने की उच्च पूंजीगत लागत के कारण है। TSMC की नवीनतम फैक्ट्री, जो [[ 3 एनएम प्रक्रिया ]] सेमीकंडक्टर्स बनाने में सक्षम है और 2020 में पूरी हुई, की लागत $ 19.5 बिलियन है।<ref name="Economist2021"/> 
इंटेल कुछ उत्पादन को TSMC को आउटसोर्स करने पर विचार कर रहा है। यह वर्तमान में केवल 10 एनएम अर्धचालक का उत्पादन कर सकता है, जबकि टीएसएमसी और सैमसंग दोनों 5 एनएम का उत्पादन कर सकते हैं।<ref name="Economist2021"/>[[ ग्लोबल फाउंड्रीज ]], एक अमेरिकी मुख्यालय वाली फर्म, छोटे प्रोसेस नोड्स की तेजी से बढ़ती विकास लागत के कारण अपने सबसे उन्नत चिप्स के लिए 12 एनएम प्रक्रिया का उपयोग करती है।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13277/globalfoundries-stops-all-7nm-development|title=GlobalFoundries Stops All 7nm Development: Opts to Focus on Specialized Processes}}</ref>


== सेमीकंडक्टर बिक्री ==

=== बिक्री राजस्व ===
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Annual [[semiconductor]] sales (1987{{ndash}}2018)
! Year
! Revenue (nominal)
! Revenue (inflation)
! {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
!2018
|$481,090,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|481090000000|2018|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|<ref name="deloitte">{{cite web |title=Semiconductors – the Next Wave |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wave-en-190422.pdf |publisher=[[Deloitte]] |date=April 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
!2017
|$420,390,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|420390000000|2017|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|<ref name="deloitte"/>
|-
!2016
|$345,850,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|345850000000|2016|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|<ref name="deloitte"/>
|-
!2015
|$335,170,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|335170000000|2015|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|rowspan="7" | <ref name="statista">{{cite web |title=Semiconductor sales revenue worldwide from 1987 to 2020 (in billion U.S. dollars) |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266973/global-semiconductor-sales-since-1988/ |website=[[Statista]] |date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
!2014
|$335,840,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|335840000000|2014|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|-
!2013
|$305,580,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|305580000000|2013|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|-
!2012
|$291,560,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|291560000000|2012|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|-
!2011
|$299,520,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|299520000000|2011|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|-
!2010
|$298,320,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|298320000000|2010|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|-
!2009
|$226,310,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|226310000000|2009|r=-7}}|long=no}}
|-
!2008
|$280,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|280000000000|2008|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|
|-
!2007
|$255,600,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|255600000000|2007|r=-8}}|long=no}}
|rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Global Chip Sales Hit $255.6 Billion in 2007 |url=https://www.semiconductors.org/global-chip-sales-hit-255-6-billion-in-2007/ |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Semiconductor Industry Association]] |date=1 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
!2006
|$247,700,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|247700000000|2006|r=-8}}|long=no}}
|-
!2005
|$227,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|227000000000|2005|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|rowspan="7" | <ref name="statista"/>
|-
!2004
|$213,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|213000000000|2004|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|-
!2000
|$204,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|204000000000|2000|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|-
!1995
|$144,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|144000000000|1995|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|-
!1992
|$60,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|60000000000|1992|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|-
!1990
|$51,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|51000000000|1990|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|-
!1987
|$33,000,000,000
|{{US$|{{Inflation|US|33000000000|1987|r=-9}}|long=no}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2017 sales breakdown<ref name="deloitte"/>
|-
! Industry sector
! data-sort-type="number" | Revenue
! Market share
! {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| [[Semiconductor memory|Memory]]
| $124 billion
| {{#expr:(124/412.12)*100 round 0}}%
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Annual Semiconductor Sales Increase 21.6 Percent, Top $400 Billion for First Time |url=https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/ |access-date=29 July 2019 |publisher=[[Semiconductor Industry Association]] |date=5 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Logic family|Logic]]
| $102.2 billion
| {{#expr:(102.2/412.12)*100 round 0}}%
|-
| [[Microprocessor]]
| $63.9 billion
| {{#expr:(63.9/412.12)*100 round 0}}%
|-
| [[Power semiconductor device|Power semiconductors]]
| $36.8 billion
| {{#expr:(36.8/420.39)*100 round 0}}%
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Global Power Semiconductor Market 2017-2018 to 2023: Analysis by Material, Component, Industry and Region |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181002005795/en/Global-Power-Semiconductor-Market-2017-2018-2023-Analysis |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Business Wire]] |publisher=Research and Markets |date=2 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
! Total
! $420.39 billion
! 100%
!
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2008 sales breakdown
|-
! [[Semiconductor]] type
! data-sort-type="number" | Revenue
! data-sort-type="number" | Market share
! {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| [[Integrated circuit]] chip
| $250 billion
| {{#expr:(250/280)*100 round 1}}%
| rowspan="2" | <ref name="Woodall">{{cite book |last1=Woodall |first1=Jerry M. |chapter=Non-Silicon MOSFET Technology: A Long Time Coming |title=Fundamentals of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs |date=2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9781441915474 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sk2SrZH3xEcC&pg=PA1}}</ref>
|-
| [[Compound semiconductors]]
| $20 billion
| {{#expr:(20/280)*100 round 1}}%
|-
| [[Power transistor]]s
| $10 billion
| {{#expr:(10/280)*100 round 1}}%
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Power Transistors to Hit Another Sales Record After Growth Bubble Ends |url=http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/Power-Transistors-To-Hit-Another-Sales-Record-After-Growth-Bubble-Ends/ |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=IC Insights |date=May 14, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! Total
! {{US$|280 billion|long=no}}
! 100%
!
|}
|}

=== बाजार में हिस्सेदारी ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Microprocessor]] market share (2005)<ref name="Asthana">{{cite book |last1=Asthana |first1=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWRXvrgFhqUC&pg=PA488 |title=Materials Processing and Manufacturing Science |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashok |last3=Dahotre |first3=Narendra B. |date=2006 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=9780080464886 |page=488}}</ref>
! Industry sector
! Market share
|-
|[[Computer]] and [[peripheral equipment]]
|32.3%
|-
|[[Consumer electronics]]
|21.2%
|-
|[[Telecommunications equipment]]
|16.5%
|-
|[[Industrial electronics]]
|14.3%
|-
|[[Defense technology|Defense]] and [[space industry]]
|11.5%
|-
|[[Automotive electronics|Transportation technology]]
|4.2%
|}


== सबसे बड़ी कंपनियां ==
{{See also|Foundry model#Foundry sales leaders by year|l1=Foundry sales leaders by year}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Largest semiconductor companies (annual semiconductor sales leaders) 
|-
!Rank
!2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=ic insights|url=https://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/Intel-To-Keep-Its-Number-One-Semiconductor-Supplier-Ranking-In-2020/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-24|website=www.icinsights.com}}</ref>
!2018<ref name="electronicsweekly">{{cite news |last1=Manners |first1=David |title=Top Ten (+5) Semiconductor Companies 2018 |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/blogs/mannerisms/ten-best/top-ten-5-semiconductor-companies-2018-2018-11/ |access-date=15 June 2019 |work=[[Electronics Weekly]] |date=14 November 2018}}</ref>
!2017<ref name="electronicsweekly"/>
!2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 25 2011 Semiconductor Sales Ranking |url=http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/Extreme-Results-In-Top-25-2011-Semiconductor-Sales-Ranking/ |website=IC Insights |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>
!2006<ref name="icinsights">{{cite news |title=Tracking the Top 10 Semiconductor Sales Leaders Over 26 Years |url=http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/Tracking-The-Top-10-Semiconductor-Sales-Leaders-Over-26-Years/ |work=Semiconductor Market Research |publisher=IC Insights |date=December 12, 2011}}</ref>
!2000<ref name="icinsights"/>
!1995<ref name="icinsights"/>
!1992<ref>{{cite web |title=WORLDWIDE IC MANUFACTURERS |url=http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/STATUS98/SEC02.PDF |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1997 |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>
!1990<ref name="icinsights"/>
!1986<ref name="shmj">{{cite web |title=1980s Trends in the Semiconductor Industry |url=http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/trends/trd80s.html |website=Semiconductor History Museum of Japan |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>
!1985<ref name="icinsights"/>
!1975<ref name="shmj"/>
|-
|1
|[[Intel]]
|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Intel]]
|[[Intel]]
|[[Intel]]
|[[Intel]]
|[[NEC Electronics|NEC]]
|[[NEC]]
|[[NEC]]
|[[NEC]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|-
|2
|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Intel]]
|[[Intel]]
|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[NEC]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|[[Motorola]]
|-
|3
|[[TSMC]]
|[[SK Hynix]]
|[[TSMC]]
|[[TSMC]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|[[NEC]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[Intel]]
|[[Hitachi]]
|[[Hitachi]]
|Motorola
|[[Philips]]
|-
|4
|[[SK Hynix]]
|[[TSMC]]
|[[SK Hynix]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Hitachi]]
|Motorola
|[[Intel]]
|{{?}}
|[[Hitachi]]
| rowspan="7" |{{?}}
|-
|5
|[[Micron Technology|Micron]]
|[[Micron Technology|Micron]]
|[[Micron Technology|Micron]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[STMicroelectronics|ST]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|Motorola
|[[Hitachi]]
|Motorola
|{{?}}
|Toshiba
|-
|6
|[[Qualcomm]]
|[[Broadcom Corporation|Broadcom]]
|[[Broadcom Corporation|Broadcom]]
|[[Renesas Electronics|Renesas]]
|[[Renesas Electronics|Renesas]]
|[[Motorola]]
|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|[[Fujitsu]]
|{{?}}
|[[Fujitsu]]
|-
|7
|[[Broadcom Corporation|Broadcom]]
|[[Qualcomm]]
|[[Qualcomm]]
|[[Qualcomm]]
|[[Hynix]]
|[[STMicroelectronics|ST]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|{{?}}
|[[Mitsubishi Electric|Mitsubishi]]
|{{?}}
|Philips
|-
|8
|[[Nvidia]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|[[STMicroelectronics|ST]]
|[[Freescale Semiconductor|Freescale]]
|[[Hitachi]]
|[[IBM]]
|Mitsubishi
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|{{?}}
|[[Intel]]
|-
|9
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|[[Texas Instruments|TI]]
|[[Toshiba]]
|[[Hynix]]
|[[NXP Semiconductors|NXP]]
|[[Infineon Technologies|Infineon]]
|[[Mitsubishi Electric|Mitsubishi]]
|{{?}}
|Philips
|{{?}}
|[[National Semiconductor|National]]
|-
|10
|[[Infineon Technologies|Infineon]]
|[[Nvidia]]
|[[Nvidia]]
|[[Micron Technology|Micron]]
|[[NEC Electronics|NEC]]
|[[Philips]]
|[[Hyundai Electronics|Hyundai]]
|{{?}}
|[[Panasonic|Matsushita]]
|{{?}}
|[[Matsushita Corporation|Matsushita]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Major semiconductor companies
!Name
!Country
!Manufacturer type<ref name="semiconductors">{{cite web |title=BEYOND BORDERS: THE GLOBAL SEMICONDUCTOR VALUE CHAIN |url=https://www.semiconductors.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/SIA-Beyond-Borders-Report-FINAL-June-7.pdf |publisher=[[Semiconductor Industry Association]] |date=May 2016 |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>
!Hardware products
|-
|[[Samsung Electronics]]
|{{flagcountry|South Korea}}
|[[Integrated device manufacturer|IDM]]
|[[NAND flash]] memory, [[DRAM]], [[CMOS sensor]], [[RF transceiver]]s, [[OLED]] display, [[SSD]]
|-
|[[Intel]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|IDM
|[[x86-64]] [[microprocessor]], [[GPU]], [[SSD]], [[DRAM]]
|-
|[[TSMC]]
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
|[[Foundry model|Pure-play]]
|
|-
|[[SK Hynix]]{{efn|Formerly [[Hyundai Electronics]].}}
|{{flagcountry|South Korea}}
|IDM
|flash memory, [[DRAM]], [[SSD]], [[ CMOS sensor]]
|-
|[[Micron Technology|Micron]]{{efn|Acquired [[Elpida Memory]] and [[Powerchip]].}}
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|IDM
|DRAM, NAND flash, SSD, [[NOR flash]], Managed NAND, multichip packages
|-
|[[Qualcomm]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|[[Fabless manufacturing|Fabless]]
|[[RF module]], [[digital signal processor]], [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Snapdragon]] [[system on chip]]
|-
|[[Broadcom]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Fabless
|
|-
|[[Kioxia]]{{Efn|Formerly [[Toshiba]] Memory.}}
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|IDM
|flash memory, [[SSD]]
|-
|[[Texas Instruments]] (TI)
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|IDM
|
|-
|[[Analog Devices]]{{Efn|Acquired [[Maxim Integrated]].}}
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|IDM
|Amplifiers, data converters, audio & video products, RF & microwave, sensors, [[MEMS]]
|-
|[[Microchip Technology|Microchip]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|IDM
|[[Microcontroller|Microcontrollers]] and analog semiconductors 
|-
|[[NXP]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|IDM
|
|-
|[[MediaTek]]
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
|Fabless
|[[System on a chip|SoC]], [[chipset]], [[CPU]], [[GPU]], [[Digital signal processor|DSP]]
|-
|[[Infineon]]{{Efn|Acquired [[Cypress Semiconductor]].}}
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|IDM
|Microcontrollers and [[Power semiconductor device|power semiconductor devices]]
|-
|[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|IDM
|
|-
|[[STMicroelectronics]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}/{{flagcountry|Italy}}
|IDM
|[[ASIC]], [[Microcontrollers]]
|-
|[[Sony]]
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|IDM
|
|-
|[[Arm Holdings|ARM]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|Fabless
|Microprocessor
|-
|[[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Fabless
|[[x86-64]] CPU, GPU, motherboard chipset, SDRAM
|-
|[[Nvidia]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Fabless
|GPU
|-
|[[Renesas]]{{efn|Formerly [[NEC|NEC Electronics]] and logic chip businesses of [[Hitachi]] and [[Mitsubishi Electric]].}}
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|IDM
|
|-
|[[GlobalFoundries]]{{efn|Acquired [[Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing]].}}
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Pure-play
|
|-
|[[ON Semiconductor]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|IDM
|
|-
|[[UMC (company)|UMC]]
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
|Pure-play
|
|-
|[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Fabless
|[[Apple silicon]]
|-
|[[IBM]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Fabless
|
|-
|[[Mitsubishi Electric]]
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|IDM
|Power semiconductor devices
|-
|[[Imagination Technologies]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|Fabless
|
|-
|[[Graphcore]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|Fabless
|
|-
|[[Tower Semiconductor]]
|{{flagcountry|Israel}}
|IDM
|
|-
|[[Xilinx]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|Fabless
|[[programmable logic device]]
|-
|[[Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation|SMIC]]
|{{flagcountry|China}}
|Pure-play
|
|}
टिप्पणियाँ:
*फाउंड्री मॉडल|प्योर-प्ले फाउंड्रीज {{ndash}} वे सेमीकंडक्टर फैब्रिकेशन प्लांट सेवाओं के विशेषज्ञ हैं। वे तृतीय पक्षों को डिज़ाइन सेवाएँ प्रदान कर सकते हैं या नहीं भी कर सकते हैं, साथ ही मास्क (फोटोमास्क) बनाना, सेमीकंडक्टर पैकेजिंग और परीक्षण सेवाएँ, जिन्हें अन्य कंपनियों को भी आउटसोर्स किया जा सकता है। एक उदाहरण टीएसएमसी है, जो डिजाइन, परीक्षण और पैकेजिंग सेवाएं प्रदान करता है, टीसीई फोटोमास्क, जो केवल मुखौटा बनाने की सेवाएं प्रदान करता है, और चिपमॉस, जो केवल पैकेजिंग और परीक्षण सेवाएं प्रदान करता है।
*आईडीएम (एकीकृत उपकरण निर्माता) {{ndash}} वे फाउंड्री सेवाओं की पेशकश कर सकते हैं या नहीं भी कर सकते हैं।
*[[ कल्पित ]] आपूर्तिकर्ता {{ndash}} वे फाउंड्री सेवाएं प्रदान नहीं करते हैं। वे तृतीय पक्षों को डिज़ाइन सेवाएँ प्रदान कर सकते हैं या नहीं भी कर सकते हैं।

==डिवाइस शिपमेंट ==
{{See|List of best-selling electronic devices}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+[[Semiconductor device]]s ({{estimation}} million manufactured units)<ref name="Texas">{{cite web |last1=Bahai |first1=Ahmed |title=Innovation in Power Electronics |url=http://www.semiconwest.org/sites/semiconwest.org/files/data15/docs/2_Ahmad%20Bahai_TI.pdf |website=SEMICON West |publisher=[[Texas Instruments]] |year=2015 |access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
!Year
! data-sort-type="number" |[[Optoelectronics]]
! data-sort-type="number" |[[Sensor]] / [[Actuator]]
![[MOSFET]]<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |date=April 2, 2018 |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref>
|-
!1960{{ndash}}2001
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
| rowspan="13" |2,900,000,000,000,000
|-
!2002
|23,164
|1,654
|-
!2003
|28,955
|2,482
|-
!2004
|38,056
|3,310
|-
!2005
|44,675
|4,137
|-
!2006<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Semiconductor Unit Shipments To Exceed One Trillion Devices in 2016 |url=http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/semiconductor-unit-shipments-to-exceed-one-trillion-devices-in-2016/ |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=IC Insights |date=February 18, 2014}}</ref>
|55,429
|4,137
|-
!2007<ref name="ic2015"/>
|67,839
|4,136
|-
!2008
|76,939
|4,964
|-
!2009
|91,003
|4,964
|-
!2010
|97,622
|6,619
|-
!2011
|110,031
|8,273
|-
!2012
|129,886
|11,583
|-
!2013
|131,541
|14,064
|-
!2014{{ndash}}2015
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
| rowspan="3" | {{formatnum:{{#expr:13000-2900}}|}},000,000,000,000
|-
!2016<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Manners |first1=David |title=Semi units to hit a trillion next year |url=https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/semi-units-hit-trillion-next-year-2017-03/ |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[Electronics Weekly]] |date=10 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Research Report on China Integrated Circuit Industry, 2018-2022: In 2017, Sales Value of Local IC Companies Reached Approximately USD 80.15 Billion |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/05/08/1498129/0/en/Research-Report-on-China-Integrated-Circuit-Industry-2018-2022-In-2017-Sales-Value-of-Local-IC-Companies-Reached-Approximately-USD-80-15-Billion.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[GlobeNewswire]] |date=8 May 2018}}</ref>
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:868800*0.25}}|}}
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:868800*0.02}}|}}
|-
!2017{{ndash}}2018
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|-
! 1960{{ndash}}2018
! 1,112,340+
! 87,699+
! 13,000,000,000,000,000
|}

===एकीकृत सर्किट ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+[[Integrated circuit]] chips ({{estimation}} million manufactured units)<ref name="Texas" />
|-
!Year
! data-sort-type="number" |[[MOS memory]]
! data-sort-type="number" |[[Microprocessor|MPU]] / [[Microcontroller|MCU]]
! data-sort-type="number" |[[Mixed-signal integrated circuit|Analog]]
! data-sort-type="number" |[[Logic device|Logic]]
! data-sort-type="number" |[[ASIC]]
! data-sort-type="number" |[[Application-specific integrated circuit#Application-specific standard product|ASSP]]
! data-sort-type="number" | Total
|-
!1960{{ndash}}1991
|{{?}}
| rowspan="6" | 15,000<ref name="bloomberg" />
| rowspan="6" |{{?}}
| rowspan="6" |{{?}}
| rowspan="6" |{{?}}
| rowspan="6" |{{?}}
|rowspan="6" | 350,000<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1996-12-08/the-silicon-age-its-just-dawning|title=The Silicon Age? It's Just Dawning|last1=Port|first1=Otis|date=9 December 1996|access-date=15 October 2019|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>
|-
!1992<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |title=The MOS Memory Market |url=http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/MEMORY97/SEC01.PDF#page=7 |website=Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1997 |page=1-7 |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>
|3,706
|-
!1993<ref name="Smithsonian"/>
|4,060
|-
!1994<ref name="Smithsonian"/>
|4,938
|-
!1995<ref name="Smithsonian"/>
|6,092
|-
!1996<ref name="Smithsonian"/>
|6,206
|-
!1997
|7,155<ref>{{cite web |title=MOS Memory Market Trends |url=http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/STATUS98/SEC07.PDF |website=Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1998 |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|60,100<ref name="ic2015">{{cite news |title=Semiconductor Unit Shipments To Exceed One Trillion Devices in 2017 |url=http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/Semiconductor-Unit-Shipments-To-Exceed-One-Trillion-Devices-In-2017/ |website=IC Insights |date=February 17, 2015 |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
!1998{{ndash}}1999
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|-
!2000<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=McGrath |first1=Dylan |title=Semiconductor Shipments to Top 1 Trillion Units in 2018 |url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1329127 |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[EE Times]] |date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|89,100
|-
!2001
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|-
!2002
|9,100
|6,619
|24,819
|11,582
|2,482
|23,992
|78,594
|-
!2003
|10,755
|6,618
|30,611
|14,064
|1,655
|25,646
|89,349
|-
!2004
|13,237
|9,100
|33,092
|14,064
|1,654
|33,092
|104,239
|-
!2005
|15,719
|8,273
|37,229
|14,891
|2,481
|38,056
|116,649
|-
!2006<ref name=":0" />
|18,201
|10,755
|43,020
|18,200
|2,482
|45,501
|141,600
|-
!2007<ref name="ic2015" />
|23,992
|12,409
|48,811
|18,201
|3,309
|45,502
|156,000
|-
!2008
|25,646
|12,410
|49,639
|18,200
|1,655
|47,156
|154,706
|-
!2009
|28,128
|11,582
|43,020
|14,892
|2,482
|43,847
|143,951
|-
!2010<ref name=":1"/>
|33,919
|16,546
|57,084
|19,028
|1,654
|57,911
|189,800
|-
!2011
|33,919
|17,374
|56,256
|19,028
|1,655
|58,738
|186,970
|-
!2012
|34,747
|17,373
|57,084
|17,373
|1,655
|57,083
|185,315
|-
!2013
|33,919
|16,546
|67,839
|18,201
|2,481
|64,530
|203,516
|-
!2014
|{{?}}
|18,600<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roos |first1=Gina |title=Microcontroller Market Continues to Strengthen |url=https://epsnews.com/2015/02/04/microcontroller-market-continues-strengthen/ |access-date=26 October 2019 |work=EPS News |date=4 February 2015}}</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|-
!2015
|{{?}}
|22,058<ref name="electronicspecifier">{{cite news |title=Microcontroller sales set to soar, says IC Insights |url=https://www.electronicspecifier.com/around-the-industry/microcontroller-sales-set-to-soar-says-ic-insights |access-date=29 October 2019 |work=Electronic Specifier |date=13 September 2018}}</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|235,600<ref name=":1" />
|-
!2016<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:868800*0.05}}|}}
|21,174<ref name="electronicspecifier"/>|{{formatnum:{{#expr:868800*0.15}}|}}
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:868800*0.06}}|}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:377000/1.101 round 0}}|}}
|-
!2017
|{{?}}
|25,797<ref name="electronicspecifier"/>|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:(417600/1.108)+(217100/1.062) round 0}}|}}<ref name="prnewswire">{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-and-china-578-bn-integrated-circuit-industries-markets-2014-2018--2019-2023-300862541.html|title=Global and China $578 Bn Integrated Circuit Industries Markets, 2014-2018 & 2019-2023|date=June 5, 2019|work=[[PR Newswire]]|access-date=24 October 2019|publisher=Research and Markets}}</ref>
|-
!2018
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:417600+217100}}|}}<ref name="prnewswire"/>|-
! 1960{{ndash}}2018
! 356,879+
! 274,298+
! 635,804+
! 249,852+
! 25,645+
! 541,054+
! 4,043,926+
|}

=== असतत उपकरण ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+[[Discrete device]]s ({{estimation}} million manufactured units)<ref name="discrete">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/668696/worldwide-discrete-semiconductor-market-shipments-by-type/|title=Global discrete semiconductor shipments by type 2011-2020|website=[[Statista]]|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Texas"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="3" |[[Discrete transistor|Discrete transistors]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Diode]]
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Total
|-
![[Power transistor|Power]]
![[Small-signal model|Small-signal]]
!Total
|-
!1954{{ndash}}1956<ref name="Butrica">{{cite book |last1=Butrica |first1=Andrew J. |chapter=Chapter 3: NASA's Role in the Manufacture of Integrated Circuits |editor-last1=Dick |editor-first1=Steven J. |title=Historical Studies in the Societal Impact of Spaceflight |date=2015 |publisher=[[NASA]] |isbn=978-1-62683-027-1 |pages=149–250 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/historical-studies-societal-impact-spaceflight-ebook_tagged.pdf}}</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|28
|{{?}}
|28+
|-
!1957<ref name="Butrica" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|30
|{{?}}
|30+
|-
!1958{{ndash}}1962
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|-
!1963<ref name="Butrica" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|303
|{{?}}
|303+
|-
!1964{{ndash}}1965
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|-
!1966<ref name="Tariff">{{cite book |title=Electronic receiving tubes and transistors production and maintenance workers at RCA Corporation plant |date=1971 |publisher=[[United States Tariff Commission]] |page=A-15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMd3Bnxfdy0C&pg=SL1-PA15}}</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:895.265+72.248 round 0}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:895.265+72.248 round 0}}+
|-
!1967<ref name="Tariff" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:795.593+85.41 round 0}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:795.593+85.41 round 0}}+
|-
!1968<ref name="Tariff" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:873.619+123.359 round 0}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:873.619+123.359 round 0}}+
|-
!1969<ref name="Butrica" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|1,249
|{{?}}
|1,249+
|-
!1970<ref name="Tariff" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:664.654+249.529 round 0}}
|{{?}}
|{{#expr:664.654+249.529 round 0}}+
|-
!1971<ref name="Butrica" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|881
|{{?}}
|881+
|-
!1972{{ndash}}2001
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|-
!2002
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|232,472
|-
!2003
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|245,708
|-
!2004
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|287,901
|-
!2005
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|290,382
|-
!2006<ref name=":0" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|321,820
|-
!2007<ref name="ic2015" />
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|356,566
|-
!2008
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|324,301
|-
!2009
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|289,555
|-
!2010
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:58800/1.11 round -2}}|}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clarke |first1=Peter |title=Power transistor market set to grow 9% in 2011 |url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1259790 |access-date=29 October 2019 |work=[[EE Times]] |date=June 24, 2011}}</ref>
|{{?}}
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:58800/1.11 round -2}}|}}+
|{{?}}
|371,458
|-
!2011
|45,000
|110,000
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:45000+110000}}|}}
|143,000
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:143000+110000+4000+45000+54000}}|}}
|-
!2012
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|{{?}}
|345,812
|-
!2013
|44,000
|103,000
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:44000+103000}}|}}
|146,000
|358,000
|-
!2014
|48,000
|109,000
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:48000+109000}}|}}
|154,000
|380,000
|-
!2015<ref name=":1" />|52,000
|107,000
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:52000+107000}}|}}
|150,000
|372,000
|-
!2016<ref name=":2" />|{{formatnum:{{#expr:62800/1.08/1.09 round -2}}|}}
|{{?}}
|53,300+
|{{?}}
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:868800*0.44}}|}}
|-
!2017
|{{formatnum:{{#expr:62800/1.08 round -2}}|}}
|{{?}}
|58,100+
|{{?}}
|58,100+
|-
!2018
|62,800
|{{?}}
|62,800+
|{{?}}
|62,800+
|-
! 1954{{ndash}}2018
! 416,200+
! 429,000+
! 851,451+
! 593,000+
! 5,041,398+
|}

== बिक्री ==
निम्नलिखित स्थानों पर मुख्यालय वाले निर्माता फाउंड्री मॉडल | प्योर-प्ले फाउंड्री, इंटीग्रेटेड डिवाइस मैन्युफैक्चरर (एकीकृत डिवाइस निर्माण), [[ कल्पित निर्माण ]] और श्रेणी: असेंबली और टेस्ट सेमीकंडक्टर कंपनियां (आउटसोर्स सेमीकंडक्टर असेंबली और टेस्टिंग) सेक्टर में सेल्स लीडर हैं। उद्योग।<ref name="semiconductors"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
![[Foundry model|Foundry]]
![[Integrated device manufacturer|IDM]]
![[Fabless manufacturing|Fabless]]
![[:Category:Assembly and Test semiconductor companies|OSAT]]
|-
|1
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
|-
|2
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|{{flagcountry|South Korea}}
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|-
|3
|{{flagcountry|China}}
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|{{flagcountry|China}}
|{{flagcountry|China}}
|-
|4
|{{flagcountry|Israel}}
|{{flagcountry|European Union}}
|{{flagcountry|European Union}}
|{{flagcountry|Singapore}}
|-
|5
|{{flagcountry|South Korea}}
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|}
ध्यान दें कि संयुक्त राज्य में मुख्यालय वाले निर्माताओं के पास दुनिया भर में फैब्रिकेशन प्लांट हैं, जिनमें [[ अमेरिका की ]] में 50% से अधिक, एशिया-प्रशांत क्षेत्र में 39% (जापान में 9% सहित) और यूरोप में 9% शामिल हैं।<ref name="semiconductors"/>


==यह भी देखें==
*इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिजाइन स्वचालन
*[[ अर्धचालक निर्माण संयंत्रों की सूची ]]
*फाउंड्री मॉडल
*अर्धचालक समेकन
*अर्धचालक उपकरण निर्माण
*अर्धचालक निर्माण संयंत्र
*अर्धचालक उद्योग संघ
*भारत में सेमीकंडक्टर उद्योग
*ताइवान में सेमीकंडक्टर उद्योग
*चीन में सेमीकंडक्टर उद्योग
*ट्रांजिस्टर गिनती

==टिप्पणियाँ==
{{notelist}}


==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Industries}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Semiconductor Industry}}[[Category: 1960 परिचय]]
[[Category: सेमीकंडक्टर डिवाइस निर्माण]]
[[Category: इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स उद्योग]]
[[Category: उद्योग (अर्थशास्त्र)]]


==

==बाहरी संबंध==

* [http://www.jestr.org/downloads/Volume15Issue1/fulltext141512022.pdf "The Silicon Age: Trends in Semiconductor Devices Industry]", 2022



[[Category: Machine Translated Page]]
[[Category:Created On 05/09/2022]]